The Future of Headache Disorders through AI Tools

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the landscape of headache management by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, optimizing treatment pathways, and supporting global health equity. This chapter reviews the integration of AI tools in the diagnosis and management of headache disorders, with a particular focus on migraine, cluster headache, and post-traumatic headache. Advances in machine learning (ML) and deep learning models applied to clinical data, neuroimaging, and patient-reported outcomes enable more precise migraine subtyping, biomarker discovery, and individualized treatment approaches. AI-based tools, including digital phenotyping and large language models, facilitate symptom tracking, patient education, and decision support in clinical practice. Moreover, emerging applications such as digital twins and biofeedback–virtual reality therapeutics illustrate the potential for highly personalized and preventive care. The chapter also highlights the role of AI in advancing Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3) by reducing disparities in headache care, strengthening health systems, and supporting equitable access to innovations. Overall, AI is poised to revolutionize headache research and clinical practice, aligning technological progress with global public health goals.